Planet Mercury

         Mercury 

         Mercury is the smallest and closest planet to the Sun in the Solar System. Its orbit around the Sun takes 87.97 Earth days, the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System.

About:

Mercury does not have any moons or rings.

Mercury is the smallest planet.

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun.

Your weight on Mercury would be 38% of your weight on Earth.

A day on the surface of Mercury lasts 176 Earth days.

A year on Mercury takes 88 Earth days.

It’s not known who discovered Mercury.

A year on Mercury is just 88 days long.

Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System.

Mercury is the second densest planet.

Mercury has wrinkles.

Mercury has a molten core.

Mercury is only the second hottest planet.

Mercury is the most cratered planet in the Solar System.

Only two spacecraft have ever visited Mercury.

Mercury is named for the Roman messenger to the gods.

Mercury has an atmosphere.

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ISRO PSLV-C51 🚀🛰

       PSLV-C51 is scheduled to launch Amazonia-1 and 20 Co-passenger satellites on February 28, 2021 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR. 

     
       PSLV-C51, which is the 53rd mission of PSLV,    will launch Amazonia-1 of Brazil as primary         satellite and 20 Co-passenger satellites from     Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. The launch is tentatively scheduled at 1023 Hrs IST on February 28, 2021 subject to weather conditions.

PSLV-C51/Amazonia-1 is the first dedicated commercial mission of NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), a Government of India company under Department of Space. NSIL is undertaking this mission under a commercial arrangement with Spaceflight Inc. USA.

      Amazonia-1 is the optical earth observation    satellite of National Institute for Space Research (INPE). This satellite would further strengthen the existing structure by providing remote sensing data to users for monitoring deforestation in the Amazon region and analysis of diversified agriculture across the Brazilian territory.

The 20 co-passenger satellites include one from ISRO (INS-2TD), four from IN-SPACe (three UNITYsats from consortium of three Indian academic institutes and One Satish Dhawan Sat from Space Kidz India) and 15 from NSIL.

What is Mach Number ?

 What is Mach Number?

The Mach number is the ratio of flow velocity after a certain limit of the sounds speed. In simple words it is the the ratio of the speed of a body to the speed of sound in the surrounding medium.

Mach Number Formula

The formula of Mach Number is:

M = u/c

Where,

• The Mach number is M
• Based on the limits the local flow velocity is u
• The speed of sound in that medium is c

To explain it simply, the speed of sound can be equated to Mach 1 speed. Thus, Mach 0.75 will be 75% of the speed of sound that is also called subsonic and Mach 1.65 will be 65% faster than the speed of light which is also called supersonic.

           The Mach number due to the local speed of sound is dependent on the surrounding mediums in specific temperature and pressure. A flow can be determined as an incompressible flow with the help of Mach number. The medium can either be a liquid or a gas. The medium can be flowing whereas the boundary may be stable or the boundary may be traveling in a medium which is at rest. The medium and boundary both may be traveling with certain speed but their velocities in respect to each other are what matters. The medium may be channeled through several devices such as wind tunnels or may be immersed in the medium. The Mach number is termed as a dimensionless number because it is a ratio of two speeds.

Mach Number Classification

Speed below the speed of sound is termed as subsonic whereas speed above the speed of sound is termed as supersonic, although scientists practicing aerodynamics most of the time use these terms to describe a particular range of Mach Number. 

Subsonic:

Commercial aircraft with aerodynamic features such as the rounded nose and leading edges. The mach is below 0.8.

Transonic:

Aircraft that are built with swept wings. The mach value is between 0.8-2.1.

Supersonic:

The aircraft created to go supersonic have a definite design it has complete movement of the canards, thin aerofoil sections, and sharp edges. The mach levels are between 1.2 and 5.0.

Hypersonic:

These planes have several distinctive features such as nickel-titanium skin that is cooled and small wings. The mach values are between 5.0 and 10.0. The U.S. plane X-15 created the world record of flying at Mach 6.72.

High-Hypersonic:

The mach levels are between 10.0 -25.0. When flying at such huge speeds thermal controls becomes an integral portion of the design. The hotness of the surface must be considered beforehand.

Why Do Airplanes Leave a White Smoke Trail in Their Wake?

      Why Do Airplanes Leave a White Smoke Trail in Their Wake?

When you look up the sky on a clear and sunny day, you may see white smoke trails left behind by passing airplanes. Most people have seen these white smoke trails — they’ve become synonymous with airplanes. Unless you’re familiar with commercial airplanes and how they operate, though, you might be wondering how these trails are created. After all, cars and trucks don’t leave behind a white smoke trail, so why do airplanes?

Condensation in Exhaust Gases:

The reason airplanes leave a white smoke trail in their wake is because their exhaust gases contain moisture that condenses at high altitudes. As the airplane’s engines release exhaust gases, moisture vapor is released as well. The cold temperature and low air pressure at high altitudes forces this moisture to condense, which creates the characteristic white smoke trail for which airplanes have become widely known.

Therefore, white smoke trails left behind by airplanes aren’t filled with toxic chemicals. Rather, they are simply the result of moisture vapor in an airplane’s exhaust gases. Airplanes typically won’t leave behind a white smoke trail when taking off or landing. For moisture vapor to condense to the point where it creates a white trail, it must be exposed to high altitudes of at least 20,000 feet.

Incomplete Combustion:

Most airplanes leave behind a white smoke trail, though some may leave behind a black smoke trail. Black smoke trails aren’t caused by condensation in exhaust gases. Instead, they are caused by an incomplete combustion processes. Just like cars and trucks use combustion to produce power, so do airplanes. Fuel is fed into the engine’s combustion chamber where it’s ignited to create power. This process, known as combustion, is essential to achieving forward momentum. But some airplanes may have an incomplete combustion process in which some of the fuel isn’t completely burned.

If an engine doesn’t burn all the fuel that’s fed to it, the excess fuel will be released through the airplane’s exhaust system, which manifests as a black smoke trail behind the airplane. Black smoke trails such as this were more common during the 20th century. Advancements in aerospace engineering now allow for a more complete and efficient combustion process, reducing the risk of black smoke trails.

What About Chemtrails?

The idea that airplanes intentionally spray “chemtrails” consisting of harmful chemicals is a myth. As revealed here, airplanes leave white smoke trails because condensation is present in exhaust gases, which condenses at high altitudes, and they leave black smoke trails when an airplane doesn’t have a complete combustion process.

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PSLV-C50/CMS-01 ISRO🚀

     PSLV-C50/CMS-01      

            PSLV-C50 is scheduled to launch CMS-01 on December 17, 2020 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR. 

               PSLV-C50, which is the 52nd mission of PSLV, will launch CMS-01 from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. The launch is tentatively scheduled at 1541 Hrs IST on December 17, 2020 subject to weather conditions.

               CMS-01 is a communication satellite envisaged for providing services in Extended-C Band of the frequency spectrum. The Extended-C Band coverage will include Indian mainland, Andaman-Nicobar & Lakshadweep Islands. CMS-01 is the 42nd Communication Satellite of India.

          PSLV-C50 is the 22nd flight of PSLV in 'XL' configuration (with 6 strap-on motors). This will be the 77th launch vehicle mission from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota.

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Satellite communication

 

Satellite communication :

 In telecommunications, the use of artificial satellites to provide communication links between various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in the global telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites orbiting Earth relay analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to and from one or many locations worldwide.

            Satellite communication has two main components: the ground segment, which consists of fixed or mobile transmission, reception, and ancillary equipment, and the space segment, which primarily is the satellite itself. A typical satellite link involves the transmission or uplinking of a signal from an Earth station to a satellite. The satellite then receives and amplifies the signal and retransmits it back to Earth, where it is received and reamplified by Earth stations and terminals. Satellite receivers on the ground include direct-to-home (DTH) satellite equipment, mobile reception equipment in aircraft, satellite telephones, and handheld devices. 

Development Of Satellite Communication

The idea of communicating through a satellite first appeared in the short story titled “The Brick Moon,” written by the American clergyman and author Edward Everett Hale and published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1869–70. The story describes the construction and launch into Earth orbit of a satellite 200 feet (60 metres) in diameter and made of bricks. The brick moon aided mariners in navigation, as people sent Morse code signals back to Earth by jumping up and down on the satellite’s surface.

       The first practical concept of satellite communication was proposed by 27-year-old Royal Air Force officer Arthur C. Clarke in a paper titled “Extra-Terrestrial Relays: Can Rocket Stations Give World-wide Radio Coverage?” published in the October 1945 issue of Wireless World. Clarke, who would later become an accomplished science fiction writer, proposed that a satellite at an altitude of 35,786 km (22,236 miles) above Earth’s surface would be moving at the same speed as Earth’s rotation. At this altitude the satellite would remain in a fixed position relative to a point on Earth. This orbit, now called a “geostationary orbit,” is ideal for satellite communications, since   an antenna on the ground can be pointed to a satellite 24 hours a day without having to track its position. Clarke calculated in his paper that three satellites spaced equidistantly in geostationary orbit would be able to provide radio coverage that would be almost worldwide with the sole exception of some of the polar regions.

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